Requiem
A Requiem or Requiem Mass, also known as Mass for the dead (Latin: Missa pro defunctis) or Mass of the dead (Latin: Missa defunctorum), is Mass celebrated for the repose of the soul or souls of one or more deceased persons, using a particular formula of the Roman Missal. It is frequently, but not necessarily, celebrated in the context of a funeral.
Musical settings of the propers of the Requiem Mass are also called Requiems, and the term has subsequently been applied to other musical compositions associated with death and mourning, even when they lack religious or liturgical relevance.
The term is also used for similar ceremonies outside the Catholic Church, especially in the Anglo-Catholic branch of Anglicanism and in certain Lutheran churches. A comparable service, with a wholly different ritual form and texts, exists in the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches.
The Mass and its settings draw their name from the introit of the liturgy, which begins with the words "Requiem aeternam dona eis, Domine" – "Grant them eternal rest, O Lord". ("Requiem" is the accusative singular form of the Latin noun requies, "rest, repose".) The Roman Missal as revised in 1970 employs this phrase as the first entrance antiphon among the formulas for Masses for the dead, and it remains in use to this day.
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The liturgy
In earlier forms of the Roman Rite, some of which are still in use, a Requiem Mass differs in several ways from the usual Mass in that form. Some parts that were of relatively recent origin, including some that have been excluded in the 1970 revision, are omitted. Examples are the psalm Iudica at the start of Mass, the prayer said by the priest before reading the Gospel (or the blessing of the deacon, if a deacon reads it), and the first of the two prayers of the priest for himself before receiving Communion.[1] Other omissions include the use of incense at the Introit and the Gospel, the kiss of peace, lit candles held by acolytes when a deacon chants the Gospel, and blessings. There is no Gloria in excelsis Deo, no recitation of the Creed, the Alleluia chant before the Gospel is replaced by a Tract, as in Lent, the Agnus Dei is altered, and Ite missa est is replaced with Requiescant in pace (May they rest in peace). Black is the obligatory liturgical colour of the vestments in the earlier forms, while the later form allows a choice between black and violet, and in some countries, such as England and Wales, white.[2] The sequence Dies Iræ, recited or sung between the Tract and the Gospel, is an obligatory part of the Requiem Mass in the earlier forms. As its opening words, Dies irae (Day of wrath), indicate, this poetic composition speaks of the Day of Judgment in fearsome terms; it then appeals to Jesus for mercy.
Celebrations of the Requiem Mass were sometimes referred to as "black Masses", from the colour of the vestments worn by the priest. This term has no connection with the Satanist ritual of the same name.
Music
The Requiem Mass is notable for the large number of musical compositions that it has inspired, including the requiems of Mozart, Verdi and Fauré. Originally, such compositions were meant to be performed in liturgical service, with monophonic chant. Eventually the dramatic character of the text began to appeal to composers to an extent that they made the requiem a genre of its own, and the requiems of composers such as Verdi are essentially concert pieces rather than liturgical works.
The following are the texts that are set to music.
Introit
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Kyrie eleison
This is as the Kyrie in the Ordinary of the Mass:
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This is Greek (Κύριε ἐλέησον, Χριστὲ ἐλέησον, Κύριε ἐλέησον) Traditionally, each utterance is sung three times.
Gradual
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Tract
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Sequence
A sequence is a liturgical poem sung, when used, after the Tract (or Alleluia, if present). The sequence employed in the Requiem, Dies Irae, attributed to Thomas of Celano (c. 1200 – c. 1260–1270), has been called "the greatest of hymns", worthy of "supreme admiration".[3] The Latin text below is taken from the Requiem Mass in the 1962 Roman Missal. The first English version below, translated by William Josiah Irons in 1849,[4] replicates the rhyme and metre of the original. The second English version is a more formal equivalence.
| 1 | Dies iræ! dies illa Solvet sæclum in favilla: Teste David cum Sibylla! |
Day of wrath! O day of mourning! See fulfilled the prophets' warning, Heaven and earth in ashes burning! |
The day of wrath, that day Will dissolve the world in ashes As foretold by David and the sibyl! |
| 2 | Quantus tremor est futurus, Quando iudex est venturus, Cuncta stricte discussurus! |
Oh, what fear man's bosom rendeth, when from heaven the Judge descendeth, on whose sentence all dependeth. |
How much tremor there will be, when the judge will come, investigating everything strictly! |
| 3 | Tuba, mirum spargens sonum Per sepulchra regionum, Coget omnes ante thronum. |
Wondrous sound the trumpet flingeth; through earth's sepulchers it ringeth; all before the throne it bringeth. |
The trumpet, scattering a wondrous sound through the sepulchres of the regions, will summon all before the throne. |
| 4 | Mors stupebit, et natura, Cum resurget creatura, Iudicanti responsura. |
Death is struck, and nature quaking, all creation is awaking, to its Judge an answer making. |
Death and nature will marvel, when the creature arises, to respond to the Judge. |
| 5 | Liber scriptus proferetur, In quo totum continetur, Unde mundus iudicetur. |
Lo! the book, exactly worded, wherein all hath been recorded: thence shall judgment be awarded. |
The written book will be brought forth, in which all is contained, from which the world shall be judged. |
| 6 | Iudex ergo cum sedebit, Quidquid latet, apparebit: Nil inultum remanebit. |
When the Judge his seat attaineth, and each hidden deed arraigneth, nothing unavenged remaineth. |
When therefore the judge will sit, whatever hides will appear: nothing will remain unpunished. |
| 7 | Quid sum miser tunc dicturus? Quem patronum rogaturus, Cum vix iustus sit securus? |
What shall I, frail man, be pleading? Who for me be interceding, when the just are mercy needing? |
What am I, miserable, then to say? Which patron to ask, when [even] the just may [only] hardly be sure? |
| 8 | Rex tremendæ maiestatis, Qui salvandos salvas gratis, Salva me, fons pietatis. |
King of Majesty tremendous, who dost free salvation send us, Fount of pity, then befriend us! |
King of tremendous majesty, who freely savest those that have to be saved, save me, source of mercy. |
| 9 | Recordare, Iesu pie, Quod sum causa tuæ viæ: Ne me perdas illa die. |
Think, good Jesus, my salvation cost thy wondrous Incarnation; leave me not to reprobation! |
Remember, merciful Jesus, that I am the cause of thy way: lest thou lose me in that day. |
| 10 | Quærens me, sedisti lassus: Redemisti Crucem passus: Tantus labor non sit cassus. |
Faint and weary, thou hast sought me, on the cross of suffering bought me. shall such grace be vainly brought me? |
Seeking me, thou sat tired: thou redeemed [me] having suffered the Cross: let not so much hardship be lost. |
| 11 | Iuste iudex ultionis, Donum fac remissionis Ante diem rationis. |
Righteous Judge! for sin's pollution grant thy gift of absolution, ere the day of retribution. |
Just judge of revenge, give the gift of remission before the day of reckoning. |
| 12 | Ingemisco, tamquam reus: Culpa rubet vultus meus: Supplicanti parce, Deus. |
Guilty, now I pour my moaning, all my shame with anguish owning; spare, O God, thy suppliant groaning! |
I sigh, like the guilty one: my face reddens in guilt: Spare the supplicating one, God. |
| 13 | Qui Mariam absolvisti, Et latronem exaudisti, Mihi quoque spem dedisti. |
Thou the sinful woman savedst; thou the dying thief forgavest; and to me a hope vouchsafest. |
Thou who absolved Mary, and heardest the robber, gavest hope to me, too. |
| 14 | Preces meæ non sunt dignæ: Sed tu bonus fac benigne, Ne perenni cremer igne. |
Worthless are my prayers and sighing, yet, good Lord, in grace complying, rescue me from fires undying! |
My prayers are not worthy: however, thou, Good [Lord], do good, lest I am burned up by eternal fire. |
| 15 | Inter oves locum præsta, Et ab hædis me sequestra, Statuens in parte dextra. |
With thy favored sheep O place me; nor among the goats abase me; but to thy right hand upraise me. |
Grant me a place among the sheep, and take me out from among the goats, setting me on the right side. |
| 16 | Confutatis maledictis, Flammis acribus addictis: Voca me cum benedictis. |
While the wicked are confounded, doomed to flames of woe unbounded call me with thy saints surrounded. |
Once the cursed have been rebuked, sentenced to acrid flames: Call thou me with the blessed. |
| 17 | Oro supplex et acclinis, Cor contritum quasi cinis: Gere curam mei finis. |
Low I kneel, with heart submission, see, like ashes, my contrition; help me in my last condition. |
I meekly and humbly pray, [my] heart is as crushed as the ashes: perform the healing of mine end. |
| 18 | Lacrimosa dies illa, Qua resurget ex favilla Judicandus homo reus. Huic ergo parce, Deus: |
Ah! that day of tears and mourning! From the dust of earth returning man for judgment must prepare him; Spare, O God, in mercy spare him! |
Tearful will be that day, on which from the ashes arises the guilty man who is to be judged. Spare him therefore, God. |
| 19 | Pie Jesu Domine, Dona eis requiem. Amen. |
Lord, all pitying, Jesus blest, grant them thine eternal rest. Amen. |
Merciful Lord Jesus, grant them rest. Amen. |
Offertory
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Sanctus
This is as the Sanctus prayer in the Ordinary of the Mass:
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Agnus Dei
This is as the Agnus Dei in the Ordinary of the Mass, but with the petitions miserere nobis changed to dona eis requiem, and dona nobis pacem to dona eis requiem sempiternam:
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Communion
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As mentioned above, there is no Gloria, Alleluia or Credo in these musical settings.
Pie Iesu
Some extracts too have been set independently to music, such as Pie Iesu in the settings of Dvořák, Fauré, and Duruflé.
The Pie Iesu consists of the final words of the Dies Irae followed by the final words of the Agnus Dei.
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Musical Requiems sometimes include passages from the "Absolution at the bier" (Absolutio ad feretrum) or "Commendation of the dead person" (referred to also as the Absolution of the dead), which in the case of a funeral, follows the conclusion of the Mass.
Libera Me
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In paradisum
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History of musical compositions
For many centuries the texts of the requiem were sung to Gregorian melodies. The Requiem by Johannes Ockeghem, written sometime in the latter half of the 15th century, is the earliest surviving polyphonic setting. There was a setting by the elder composer Dufay, possibly earlier, which is now lost: Ockeghem's may have been modelled on it.[5] Many early requiems employ different texts that were in use in different liturgies around Europe before the Council of Trent set down the texts given above. The requiem of Brumel, circa 1500, is the first to include the Dies Iræ. In the early polyphonic settings of the Requiem, there is considerable textural contrast within the compositions themselves: simple chordal or fauxbourdon-like passages are contrasted with other sections of contrapuntal complexity, such as in the Offertory of Ockeghem's Requiem.[5]
In the 16th century, more and more composers set the Requiem mass. In contrast to practice in setting the Mass Ordinary, many of these settings used a cantus-firmus technique, something which had become quite archaic by mid-century. In addition, these settings used less textural contrast than the early settings by Ockeghem and Brumel, although the vocal scoring was often richer, for example in the six-voice Requiem by Jean Richafort which he wrote for the death of Josquin des Prez.[5] Other composers who wrote Requiems before 1550 include Pedro de Escobar, Antoine de Févin, Cristóbal Morales, and Pierre de La Rue; that by La Rue is probably the second oldest, after Ockeghem's.
Over 2,000 requiems have been composed to the present day. Typically the Renaissance settings, especially those not written on the Iberian Peninsula, may be performed a cappella (i.e. without necessary accompanying instrumental parts), whereas beginning around 1600 composers more often preferred to use instruments to accompany a choir, and also include vocal soloists. There is great variation between compositions in how much of liturgical text is set to music.
Most composers omit sections of the liturgical prescription, most frequently the Gradual and the Tract. Fauré omits the Dies iræ, while the very same text had often been set by French composers in previous centuries as a stand-alone work.
Sometimes composers divide an item of the liturgical text into two or more movements; because of the length of its text, the Dies iræ is the most frequently divided section of the text (as with Mozart, for instance). The Introit and Kyrie, being immediately adjacent in the actual Roman Catholic liturgy, are often composed as one movement.
Musico-thematic relationships among movements of Requiems can be found as well.
Concert requiems
Beginning in the 18th century and continuing through the 19th, many composers wrote what are effectively concert requiems, which by virtue of employing forces too large, or lasting such a considerable duration, prevent them being readily used in an ordinary funeral service; the requiems of Gossec, Berlioz, Verdi, and Dvořák are essentially dramatic concert oratorios. A counter-reaction to this tendency came from the Cecilian movement, which recommended restrained accompaniment for liturgical music, and frowned upon the use of operatic vocal soloists.
Non-Roman Catholic requiems
Requiem is also used to describe any sacred composition that sets to music religious texts which would be appropriate at a funeral, or to describe such compositions for liturgies other than the Roman Catholic Mass. Among the earliest examples of this type are the German requiems composed in the 17th century by Heinrich Schütz and Michael Praetorius, whose works are Lutheran adaptations of the Roman Catholic requiem, and which provided inspiration for the mighty German Requiem by Brahms.[6]
Such requiems include:
- Greek Orthodox Church—Parastas
- Russian Orthodox Church—Panikhida
- Lutheran (German) requiems
- Anglican (English) requiems
Eastern Orthodox Requiem
In the Eastern Orthodox and Greek-Catholic Churches, the requiem is the fullest form of memorial service (Greek: Parastas, Slavonic: Panikhida). The normal memorial service is a greatly abbreviated form of Matins, but the Requiem contains all of the psalms, readings, and hymns normally found in the All-Night Vigil (which combines the Canonical Hours of Vespers, Matins and First Hour), providing a complete set of propers for the departed. The full requiem will last around three and a half hours. In this format it more clearly represents the original concept of parastas, which means literally, "standing throughout (the night)." Often, there will be a Divine Liturgy celebrated the next morning with further propers for the departed.
Because of their great length, full requiems are rarely served. However, at least in the Russian liturgical tradition, a Requiem will often be served on the eve before the Glorification (canonization) of a saint, in a special service known as the "Last Panikhida."
Anglican burial service
The Anglican Book of Common Prayer contains seven texts which are collectively known as "funeral sentences"; several composers have written settings of these seven texts, which are generally known collectively as a "burial service." Composers who have set the Anglican burial service to music include William Croft, Thomas Morley, Orlando Gibbons, and Henry Purcell. The text of these seven sentences, from the 1662 Book of Common Prayer, is:
- I am the resurrection and the life, saith the Lord: he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live: and whosoever liveth and believeth in me shall never die.
- I know that my Redeemer liveth, and that he shall stand at the latter day upon the earth. And though after my skin worms destroy this body, yet in my flesh shall I see God: whom I shall see for myself, and mine eyes shall behold, and not another.
- We brought nothing into this world, and it is certain we can carry nothing out. The Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away; blessed be the Name of the Lord.
- Man that is born of a woman hath but a short time to live, and is full of misery. He cometh up, and is cut down, like a flower; he fleeth as it were a shadow, and never continueth in one stay.
- In the midst of life we are in death: of whom may we seek for succour, but of thee, O Lord, who for our sins art justly displeased? Yet, O Lord God most holy, O Lord most mighty, O holy and most merciful Saviour, deliver us not into the bitter pains of eternal death.
- Thou knowest, Lord, the secrets of our hearts; shut not thy merciful ears to our prayer; but spare us, Lord most holy, O God most mighty, O holy and merciful Saviour, thou most worthy judge eternal, suffer us not, at our last hour, for any pains of death, to fall from thee.
- I heard a voice from heaven, saying unto me, Write, From henceforth blessed are the dead which die in the Lord: even so saith the Spirit: for they rest from their labours.
20th and 21st century treatments
In the 20th century the requiem evolved in several new directions. The genre of war requiems is perhaps the most notable, which comprise of compositions dedicated to the memory of people killed in wartime. These often include extra-liturgical poems of a pacifist or non-liturgical nature; for example, the War Requiem of Benjamin Britten juxtaposes the Latin text with the poetry of Wilfred Owen, Krzysztof Penderecki's Polish Requiem includes a traditional Polish hymn within the sequence, and Robert Steadman's Mass in Black intersperses environmental poetry and prophecies of Nostradamus. Holocaust requiems may be regarded as a specific subset of this type. The World Requiem of John Foulds was written in the aftermath of the First World War and initiated the Royal British Legion's annual festival of remembrance. Recent requiem works by Taiwanese composers Tyzen Hsiao and Fan-Long Ko follow in this tradition, honouring victims of the 2-28 Incident and subsequent White Terror. Another recent requiem composed by Hong Kong composer Man-Ching Donald Yu, commemorating the victims of the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake.
Lastly, the 20th century saw the development of secular requiems, written for public performance without specific religious observance (e.g., Kabalevsky's War Requiem, to poems by Robert Rozhdestvensky). Herbert Howells's unaccompanied Requiem uses Psalm 23 ("The Lord is my shepherd"), Psalm 121 ("I will lift up mine eyes"), "Salvator mundi" ("O Saviour of the world," in English), "Requiem aeternam" (two different settings), and "I heard a voice from heaven." Some composers have written purely instrumental works bearing the title of requiem, as famously exemplified by Britten's Sinfonia da Requiem. Hans Werner Henze's Das Floß der Medusa, written in 1968 as a requiem for Che Guevara, is properly speaking an oratorio; Henze's Requiem is instrumental but retains the traditional Latin titles for the movements. Igor Stravinsky's Requiem canticles mixes instrumental movements with segments of the "Introit," "Dies irae," "Pie Jesu," and "Libera me."
One of the most recent compositions referencing a Requiem is the piece Lux Aeterna (commonly known under the name Requiem for a Dream), written by Clint Mansell. It was composed by Mansell for Darren Aronofsky's 2000 film Requiem for a Dream, which depicts the downfall of four characters because of addiction. The song can be literally interpreted as a requiem for the characters' dead hopes and dreams.
In 2008 bassist-composer Lisle Ellis released Sucker Punch: Requiem, a jazz requiem for graffiti artist Jean-Michel Basquiat.
Notable Requiems
Many composers have written Requiems. Some of the most notable include the following (in chronological order):
- Ockeghem's Requiem, the earliest to survive, written sometime in the mid-to-late 15th century
- Victoria's Requiem of 1603, (part of a longer Office for the Dead)
- Mozart's Requiem in D minor (Mozart died before its completion)
- Cherubini's Requiem in C minor
- Berlioz's Grande Messe des Morts
- Verdi's Requiem
- Brahms' Ein deutsches Requiem, based on passages from Luther's Bible.
- Fauré's Requiem in D minor
- Dvořák's Requiem, Op. 89
- Duruflé's Requiem, based almost exclusively on the chants from the Graduale Romanum.
- Britten's War Requiem, which incorporated poems by Wilfred Owen
- Penderecki's Polish Requiem
- John Rutter Requiem, includes Psalm 130, Psalm 23 and words from the Book of Common Prayer
- Webber's Requiem
- See also: Category:Requiems
Other Requiem composers
Renaissance
- Giovanni Francesco Anerio
- Gianmatteo Asola
- Giulio Belli
- Antoine Brumel
- Manuel Cardoso
- Joan Cererols
- Pierre Certon
- Clemens non Papa
- Guillaume Dufay (lost)
- Pedro de Escobar
- Antoine de Févin
- Francisco Guerrero
- Jacobus de Kerle
- Orlande de Lassus
- Duarte Lobo
- Jean Maillard
- Jacques Mauduit
- Manuel Mendes
- Cristóbal de Morales
- Johannes Ockeghem (the earliest to survive)
- Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
- Costanzo Porta
- Johannes Prioris
- Jean Richafort
- Pierre de la Rue
- Claudin de Sermisy
- Jacobus Vaet
- Tomás Luis de Victoria
Baroque
- Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber
- André Campra
- Marc-Antoine Charpentier
- Johann Joseph Fux
- Jean Gilles
- Antonio Lotti (Requiem in F Major)
- Claudio Monteverdi (lost)
- Michael Praetorius
- Heinrich Schütz
- Jan Dismas Zelenka
Classical period
- Luigi Cherubini
- Domenico Cimarosa
- Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf
- Florian Leopold Gassmann
- François-Joseph Gossec
- Michael Haydn, Requiem in C minor
- Andrea Luchesi
- José Maurício Nunes Garcia
- Ignaz Pleyel
- Antonio Salieri
Romantic era
- Hector Berlioz
- João Domingos Bomtempo
- Johannes Brahms
- Anton Bruckner, Requiem in D minor[7]
- Ferruccio Busoni
- Carl Czerny
- Gaetano Donizetti
- Antonín Dvořák
- Gabriel Fauré
- Charles Gounod
- Franz Liszt
- Giacomo Puccini [Introit only]
- Max Reger Hebbel Requiem, Lateinisches Requiem (fragment)
- Camille Saint-Saëns
- Robert Schumann
- Franz von Suppé
- Charles Villiers Stanford
- Giuseppe Verdi
- Richard Wetz
- See also: Messa per Rossini
20th century
- Malcolm Archer
- Vyacheslav Artyomov
- Osvaldas Balakauskas
- Leonard Bernstein
- Benjamin Britten
- Michel Chion
- Vladimir Dashkevich
- Edison Denisov
- Alfred Desenclos
- Ralph Dunstan
- Lorenzo Ferrero's Introito, part of the Requiem per le vittime della mafia
- Howard Goodall
- Hans Werner Henze
- Frigyes Hidas
- Herbert Howells
- Karl Jenkins
- Volker David Kirchner
- Ståle Kleiberg
- Joonas Kokkonen
- Cyrillus Kreek
- Daniël de Lange
- Morten Lauridsen
- György Ligeti
- Andrew Lloyd Webber
- Fernando Lopes-Graça
- Roman Maciejewski
- Frank Martin
- Ildebrando Pizzetti
- Jocelyn Pook
- Zbigniew Preisner
- Robert Rønnes
- Joseph Ryelandt
- Shigeaki Saegusa
- Alfred Schnittke
- Valentin Silvestrov
- Robert Steadman
- Igor Stravinsky
- Toru Takemitsu
- John Tavener
- Virgil Thomson
- Erkki-Sven Tüür
- Malcolm Williamson
21st century
- Leonardo Balada
- Troy Banarzi
- Virgin Black
- Carlo Forlivesi
- Tyzen Hsiao
- Karl Jenkins
- Fan-Long Ko
- Thierry Lancino
- Clint Mansell, (Theme from Requiem For A Dream aka 'Lux Aeterna')
- Christopher Rouse
- Kentaro Sato
- Somtow Sucharitkul
- John Tavener (Heartbeat, aka 'Prayer of the Heart' written for Björk)
- Mack Wilberg
- Man-Ching Donald Yu
Requiems by language (other than Latin)
English with Latin
- Ray Vincent Adams
- Benjamin Britten: War Requiem
- Evgeni Kostitsyn
- Herbert Howells
- John Rutter: Requiem
- Mack Wilberg
- Somtow Sucharitkul
German
- Michael Praetorius
- Heinrich Schütz
- Franz Schubert
- Johannes Brahms: A German Requiem
- Max Reger Hebbel Requiem
French, Greek, with Latin
- Thierry Lancino
French, English, German with Latin
- Edison Denisov
Polish with Latin
- Krzysztof Penderecki: Polish Requiem
- Zbigniew Preisner
Russian
- Sergei Taneyev – Cantata John of Damascus, Op.1 (Text by Alexey Tolstoy)
- Dmitri Kabalevsky – War Requiem (Text by Robert Rozhdestvensky)
- Elena Firsova – Requiem, Op.100 (Text by Anna Akhmatova)
- Vladimir Dashkevich – Requiem (Text by Anna Akhmatova)
Taiwanese
- Tyzen Hsiao – Ilha Formosa: Requiem for Formosa's Martyrs, 2001 (Text by Min-yung Lee, 1994)
- Fan-Long Ko – 2-28 Requiem, 2008. (Text by Li Kuei-Hsien)
Nonlinguistic
- * Benjamin Britten's Sinfonia da Requiem and Arthur Honegger's Symphonie Liturgique use titles from the traditional Requiem as subtitles of movements.
- Carlo Forlivesi – Requiem, for 8-channel tape[8]
- Hans Werner Henze – Requiem (instrumental)
See also
- Church music
- Mass (music)
- Memorial
- Month's Mind
- Oratorio
- Vocal music
Notes
- ↑ Missale Romanum, Ritus servandus in celebratione Missae, XIII
- ↑ General Instruction of the Roman Missal, with adaptations for England and Wales, 346
- ↑ Nott, Charles C. (1902). The Seven Great Humns of the Mediaeval Church. New York: Edwin S. Gorham. p. 45. http://books.google.com/books?id=GR87AAAAIAAJ&dq=nott%20seven%20great%20hymns&pg=PA45#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
- ↑ This translation appears in the English Missal and also The Hymnal 1940 of the Episcopal Church in the USA.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Fabrice Fitch: "Requiem (2)", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed January 21, 2007)
- ↑ A rather exhaustive list of requiem composers can be found on Requiemsurvey.org
- ↑ p. 8, Kinder (2000) Keith William. Westport, Connecticut. The Wind and Wind-Chorus Music of Anton Bruckner Greenwood Press
- ↑ ALM Records ALCD-76 Silenziosa Luna
External links
- Alphabetical Requiems Survey
- Online Guide to Requiem
- Writing – The Requiem Mass : A Literal Translation
"Masses of Requiem". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
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